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Journal of Applied Ecology
RESEARCH ARTICLE

A framework for mapping the distribution of seabirds by integrating tracking, demography and phenology

Ana P. B. Carneiro

Corresponding Author

E-mail address: ana.carneiro@birdlife.org

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0573-7549

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

Correspondence

Ana P. B. Carneiro

Email: ana.carneiro@birdlife.org

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Elizabeth J. Pearmain

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6600-1482

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

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Steffen Oppel

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK

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Thomas A. Clay

School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

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Richard A. Phillips

British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK

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Anne‐Sophie Bonnet‐Lebrun

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-615X

British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK

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Ross M. Wanless

Institute of Marine Affairs and Resources Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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Edward Abraham

Dragonfly Data Science, Wellington, New Zealand

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Yvan Richard

Dragonfly Data Science, Wellington, New Zealand

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Joel Rice

Rice Marine Analytics, Saint Paul, MN, USA

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Jonathan Handley

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

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Tammy E. Davies

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

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Ben J. Dilley

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-9663

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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Peter G. Ryan

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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Cleo Small

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK

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Javier Arata

Centro FONDAP de Investigacion en Dinamica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, Valdivia, Chile

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John P. Y. Arnould

School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia

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Elizabeth Bell

Wildlife Management International Ltd., Blenheim, New Zealand

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Leandro Bugoni

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-7026

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande‐FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil

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Letizia Campioni

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6319-6931

MARE‐Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA‐Instituto Universitario, Lisbon, Portugal

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Paulo Catry

MARE‐Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA‐Instituto Universitario, Lisbon, Portugal

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Jaimie Cleeland

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-3968

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK

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Lorna Deppe

The Hutton's Shearwater Charitable Trust, Kaikoura, New Zealand

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Graeme Elliott

Albatross Research, Nelson, New Zealand

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Amanda Freeman

Nature North, Atherton, Australia

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Jacob González‐Solís

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-9397

Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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José Pedro Granadeiro

CESAM, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

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David Grémillet

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7711-9398

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France

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Todd J. Landers

Auckland Council, Research and Evaluation Unit (RIMU), Auckland, New Zealand

School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Azwianewi Makhado

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Department of Environmental Affairs, Oceans & Coasts Branch, South Africa

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Deon Nel

Global Resilience Partnership, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

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David G. Nicholls

Chisholm Institute, Dandenong, Vic., Australia

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Kalinka Rexer‐Huber

Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Christopher J. R. Robertson

Wild Press, Wellington, New Zealand

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Paul M. Sagar

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand

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Paul Scofield

Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand

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Jean‐Claude Stahl

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand

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Andrew Stanworth

Falklands Conservation, Stanley, Falkland Islands

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Kim L. Stevens

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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Philip N. Trathan

British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK

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David R. Thompson

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand

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Leigh Torres

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA

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Kath Walker

Albatross Research, Nelson, New Zealand

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Susan M. Waugh

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand

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Henri Weimerskirch

Centre d'Etude Biologique de Chizé, CNRS, Villiers‐en‐bois, France

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Maria P. Dias

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-4391

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

MARE‐Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA‐Instituto Universitario, Lisbon, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author
Ana P. B. Carneiro

Corresponding Author

E-mail address: ana.carneiro@birdlife.org

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0573-7549

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

Correspondence

Ana P. B. Carneiro

Email: ana.carneiro@birdlife.org

Search for more papers by this author
Elizabeth J. Pearmain

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6600-1482

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

Search for more papers by this author
Steffen Oppel

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK

Search for more papers by this author
Thomas A. Clay

School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Search for more papers by this author
Richard A. Phillips

British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK

Search for more papers by this author
Anne‐Sophie Bonnet‐Lebrun

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-615X

British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK

Search for more papers by this author
Ross M. Wanless

Institute of Marine Affairs and Resources Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Search for more papers by this author
Edward Abraham

Dragonfly Data Science, Wellington, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Yvan Richard

Dragonfly Data Science, Wellington, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Joel Rice

Rice Marine Analytics, Saint Paul, MN, USA

Search for more papers by this author
Jonathan Handley

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

Search for more papers by this author
Tammy E. Davies

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

Search for more papers by this author
Ben J. Dilley

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-9663

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Search for more papers by this author
Peter G. Ryan

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Search for more papers by this author
Cleo Small

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK

Search for more papers by this author
Javier Arata

Centro FONDAP de Investigacion en Dinamica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, Valdivia, Chile

Search for more papers by this author
John P. Y. Arnould

School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia

Search for more papers by this author
Elizabeth Bell

Wildlife Management International Ltd., Blenheim, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Leandro Bugoni

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-7026

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande‐FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil

Search for more papers by this author
Letizia Campioni

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6319-6931

MARE‐Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA‐Instituto Universitario, Lisbon, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author
Paulo Catry

MARE‐Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA‐Instituto Universitario, Lisbon, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author
Jaimie Cleeland

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-3968

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK

Search for more papers by this author
Lorna Deppe

The Hutton's Shearwater Charitable Trust, Kaikoura, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Graeme Elliott

Albatross Research, Nelson, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Amanda Freeman

Nature North, Atherton, Australia

Search for more papers by this author
Jacob González‐Solís

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-9397

Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Search for more papers by this author
José Pedro Granadeiro

CESAM, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author
David Grémillet

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7711-9398

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France

Search for more papers by this author
Todd J. Landers

Auckland Council, Research and Evaluation Unit (RIMU), Auckland, New Zealand

School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Azwianewi Makhado

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Department of Environmental Affairs, Oceans & Coasts Branch, South Africa

Search for more papers by this author
Deon Nel

Global Resilience Partnership, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Search for more papers by this author
David G. Nicholls

Chisholm Institute, Dandenong, Vic., Australia

Search for more papers by this author
Kalinka Rexer‐Huber

Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Christopher J. R. Robertson

Wild Press, Wellington, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Paul M. Sagar

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Paul Scofield

Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Jean‐Claude Stahl

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Andrew Stanworth

Falklands Conservation, Stanley, Falkland Islands

Search for more papers by this author
Kim L. Stevens

FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Search for more papers by this author
Philip N. Trathan

British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK

Search for more papers by this author
David R. Thompson

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Leigh Torres

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA

Search for more papers by this author
Kath Walker

Albatross Research, Nelson, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Susan M. Waugh

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand

Search for more papers by this author
Henri Weimerskirch

Centre d'Etude Biologique de Chizé, CNRS, Villiers‐en‐bois, France

Search for more papers by this author
Maria P. Dias

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-4391

BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

MARE‐Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA‐Instituto Universitario, Lisbon, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author
First published: 04 February 2020
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13568
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Abstract

en

  1. The identification of geographic areas where the densities of animals are highest across their annual cycles is a crucial step in conservation planning. In marine environments, however, it can be particularly difficult to map the distribution of species, and the methods used are usually biased towards adults, neglecting the distribution of other life‐history stages even though they can represent a substantial proportion of the total population.
  2. Here we develop a methodological framework for estimating population‐level density distributions of seabirds, integrating tracking data across the main life‐history stages (adult breeders and non‐breeders, juveniles and immatures). We incorporate demographic information (adult and juvenile/immature survival, breeding frequency and success, age at first breeding) and phenological data (average timing of breeding and migration) to weight distribution maps according to the proportion of the population represented by each life‐history stage.
  3. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by applying it to 22 species of albatrosses and petrels that are of conservation concern due to interactions with fisheries. Because juveniles, immatures and non‐breeding adults account for 47%–81% of all individuals of the populations analysed, ignoring the distributions of birds in these stages leads to biased estimates of overlap with threats, and may misdirect management and conservation efforts. Population‐level distribution maps using only adult distributions underestimated exposure to longline fishing effort by 18%–42%, compared with overlap scores based on data from all life‐history stages.
  4. Synthesis and applications . Our framework synthesizes and improves on previous approaches to estimate seabird densities at sea, is applicable for data‐poor situations, and provides a standard and repeatable method that can be easily updated as new tracking and demographic data become available. We provide scripts in the R language and a Shiny app to facilitate future applications of our approach. We recommend that where sufficient tracking data are available, this framework be used to assess overlap of seabirds with at‐sea threats such as overharvesting, fisheries bycatch, shipping, offshore industry and pollutants. Based on such an analysis, conservation interventions could be directed towards areas where they have the greatest impact on populations.

Translated Abstract Resumen

es

  1. La identificación de áreas geográficas donde las densidades de animales son más altas de acuerdo a sus ciclos anuales es un paso crucial en la planificación de la conservación. Sin embargo, en ambientes marinos, puede ser particularmente difícil mapear la distribución de especies, y los métodos utilizados generalmente están sesgados hacia los adultos, sin tener en cuenta la distribución de individuos en otras etapas de su ciclo de vida que pueden representar una proporción sustancial de la población total.
  2. Aquí desarrollamos una metodología para estimar las densidades a nivel de población de aves marinas, integrando datos de seguimiento para todas las etapas principales de su ciclo de vida (adultos reproductores y no reproductores, juveniles e inmaduros). Incorporamos información demográfica (supervivencia de adultos y juveniles/inmaduros, frecuencia y éxito de reproducción, edad en la primera reproducción) y datos fenológicos (tiempo promedio de reproducción y migración) para ponderar los mapas de distribución de acuerdo con la proporción de la población representada por cada etapa de vida.
  3. Demostramos la utilidad de esta metodología al aplicarla a 22 especies de albatros y petreles que se encuentran muchas veces amenazados debido a las interacciones con las pesquerías. Debido a que los juveniles, los inmaduros y los adultos no reproductores representan el 47%–81% de todos los individuos de las poblaciones analizadas, ignorar la distribución de las aves en estas etapas lleva a estimaciones sesgadas del solapamiento de estas aves con amenazas, y puede conducir a esfuerzos de conservación y manejo erróneos. Los mapas de distribución a nivel de población que usan solo distribuciones de adultos subestimaron la exposición al esfuerzo de pesca con palangre en un 18 al 42%, en comparación con el solapamiento estimado utilizando datos de todas las etapas de vida.
  4. Síntesis y aplicaciones. Nuestro método sintetiza y mejora los enfoques anteriores para estimar las densidades de aves marinas en el mar, incluso en situaciones de escasez de datos, y proporciona una metodología estándar y repetible que se puede actualizar fácilmente a medida que se disponga de nuevos datos demográficos y de seguimiento. Proporcionamos scripts en el lenguaje R y una aplicación Shiny para facilitar futuras aplicaciones de nuestro enfoque. Recomendamos que, cuando haya suficientes datos de seguimiento disponibles, este método se utilice para evaluar el solapamiento de las aves marinas con sus amenazas en el mar, como la sobreexplotación pesquera, la captura incidental de la pesca, el transporte marítimo, la industria en alta mar y los contaminantes. Con base en dicho análisis, las intervenciones de conservación podrían dirigirse hacia áreas que tengan el mayor impacto en las poblaciones.

Open Research

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Seabird tracking data can be downloaded from the BirdLife International Seabird Tracking Database (http://seabirdtracking.org/mapper/; dataset ids: 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 444, 448, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 465, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 483, 484, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 532, 533, 554, 556, 600, 602, 603, 604, 606, 618, 619, 620, 621, 627, 631, 632, 634, 635, 636, 640, 643, 644, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 657, 658, 659, 666, 683, 685, 700, 833, 834, 835, 850, 858, 901, 949, 951, 957, 968, 1103, 1104, 1129, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1288, 1290, 1293, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1324, 1325, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1394, 1395, 1405, 1412, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451). Publicly available fishing effort data were provided by Joel Rice who collated the information directly from IATTC (https://www.iattc.org/PublicDomainData/PublicLLTunaBillfish.zip), ICCAT (the Task II catch and effort database available on the ICCAT website (https://www.iccat.int/en/accesingdb.html), WCPFC (https://www.wcpfc.int/public-domain), CCSBT (https://www.ccsbt.org/en/content/sbt-data) and IOTC (http://www.iotc.org/documents/ce-longline). Data were cleaned and filtered for double reporting (i.e. reporting to both CCSBT and IOTC) and highly irregular effort (i.e. millions of hooks with zero reported catch). Annual and quarterly population‐level density distributions maps are available via the Dryad Digital Repository https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z612jm685 (Carneiro et al., 2019).

Supporting Information

Filename Description
jpe13568-sup-0001-AppendixS1.docxWord document, 23.7 KB  
jpe13568-sup-0002-AppendixS2.docxWord document, 60.2 KB  
jpe13568-sup-0003-AppendixS3.docxWord document, 49.1 KB  
jpe13568-sup-0004-AppendixS4.docxWord document, 17.9 KB  
jpe13568-sup-0005-AppendixS5.docxWord document, 23.2 KB  
jpe13568-sup-0006-AppendixS6.docxWord document, 9.9 MB  
jpe13568-sup-0007-AppendixS7.docxWord document, 17.7 KB  
jpe13568-sup-0008-AppendixS8.docxWord document, 13 KB  
jpe13568-sup-0009-AppendixS9.docxWord document, 801.7 KB  

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Publication cover image

Volume57, Issue3

March 2020

Pages 514-525

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