Growers are often encouraged to deter all bird species and forego harvesting crops near all bird faeces, but our work suggests not all birds and faeces pose the same food-safety risks. If growers ignored small bird faeces on soil, then we estimate that the area of California lettuce farms affected by no-harvest buffers could decrease from ~10.3% to ~2.7%. More broadly, our results suggest farmers could promote small, insect-eating birds by erecting nest boxes or preserving habitat without necessarily compromising food safety.

The convenience of categorical resistance and resilience indicators has led to their widespread adoption for large-scale planning of restoration. Our results reveal that none of the resistance and resilience indicators assessed effectively explained post-fire restoration better than elevation, although a simple continuous resistance and resilience indicator describing water balance performed better than categorical indicators for explaining small but critical differences in cheatgrass association abundances.

Grafting is a successful approach for rejuvenating old, unproductive cacao trees, enhancing smallholder income opportunities and thus reducing pressure for new deforestation-based plantations. Grafting briefly reduced arthropod abundance and diversity, but recovered in a short time. Hence, rejuvenation of cacao trees by grafting should be promoted and implemented as a promising strategy for more sustainable social-ecological cacao management, with economic and ecological benefits for smallholders.

Our findings emphasize the necessity of developing data-driven predictive tools for effective invasion risk assessment using large datasets. By identifying key individual variables, we recommend prioritizing surveillance of alien plant species with large native ranges and high climatic suitability. By evaluating grouped variables, we emphasize the significance of grouped variables in enhancing model interpretability by providing deeper insights into the complex interactions among individual factors within each predefined category. This comprehensive approach can not only identify the most influential predictors of invasion success but also equip policymakers with evidence-based strategies for surveillance, early detection, and targeted intervention of invasive plants.

Our findings reveal the extensive impacts of climate change on a major semiaquatic group in the world's largest tropical wetland. Although the current PA network in the Pantanal and surroundings safeguards fewer amphibians than expected, its limited coverage provides opportunities for systematic, data-driven expansion to achieve the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework's 30 by 30 target. Expanding PAs is urgent, but addressing drivers of environmental degradation, including unsustainable practices in agriculture and livestock farming, is equally critical for conserving this biodiverse ecosystem.

Using species composition as a template for the evaluation of restoration recovery in systems with a high degree of stochastic colonization and extinction is problematic, particularly at finer scales. Ideally, comparisons of restoration and reference communities should therefore be at large enough spatial scale to cancel out the major effects of stochasticity at finer scales. Furthermore, we suggest that a complete recovery of species numbers may not be needed as an indicator of restoration success if species richness measurements indicate that communities are en route to recovery.

Because coupling nutrient addition with dense planting can trigger self-sustaining, reinforcing plant growth and dune-building feedbacks within only months, this planting approach may help to enhance the long-term success of dune restoration projects.

Our findings highlight that while GE supports the recovery of dominant tall-stature species and promotes their population stability, grassland communities recovering after WR face challenges such as water deficit and excessive N enrichment, leading to long-term stability loss. Furthermore, the loss of short-stature species under both GE and WR may disrupt grassland trophic relationships and destabilize food webs. Future sustainable management strategies should incorporate periodic or rotational grazing to alleviate sub-canopy light limitation, enhance soil N uptake, and reduce water demands, which could help maintain the temporal stability of temperate grassland communities.

Tree planting, along with other strategies to increase tree cover in appropriate locations and contexts, can make a valuable contribution to ensuring the ecological and social well-being of our planet in coming decades, but only if these efforts are considered as one component of multifaceted solutions to complex environmental problems and are carefully planned, implemented and monitored over a sufficiently long time-scale with stakeholder engagement and broader consideration of socio-ecological complexities.

Decisions about which control method to use depend heavily on the invasive plant species' growth forms, the local economic situation where the restoration sites are located and resources available for control. More developed countries tend to use more chemical control, whereas less developed ones use mainly non-chemical methods. Since most of the reviewed studies were performed in countries with very high Human Development Index, we lack information from developing countries, which concentrates global hotspots for biodiversity conservation and global commitments of forest and landscape restoration.